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Hear The Universe Roar: NASA Reveals Haunting Audio From A Supermassive Black Hole

NASA has released an eerie audio clip of sound waves emanating from a supermassive black hole in the Perseus galaxy cluster.

Edited by:Nikhil Pandey
Science

NASA has captured and released the sound waves produced by a supermassive black hole located at the center of the Perseus cluster of galaxies in a groundbreaking discovery. These acoustic waves, first detected in 2003, were originally too low in frequency for human hearing. The lowest note, a B-flat, is over 57 octaves below middle C, with a frequency of 10 million years, making it the lowest pitch ever detected in the universe.

NASA has only recently sonified these waves and cranked them up 57 and 58 octaves, making them audible to the human ear for the first time. The result is haunting, otherworldly audio that sounds scary and angry. It hears like cosmic howls across the intergalactic space.

This process demonstrates that, although sound cannot travel naturally through vacuum space, it can propagate through dense gas clouds surrounding objects such as black holes. The haunting wails of the Perseus cluster now bring a rare glimpse into the cosmic symphony of the universe, capturing the imagination of scientists and the public.


According to NASA, in this sonification of Perseus, the sound waves astronomers previously identified were extracted and made audible for the first time. The sound waves were extracted in radial directions, that is, outwards from the center. The signals were then resynthesized into the range of human hearing by scaling them upward by 57 and 58 octaves above their true pitch. Another way to put this is that they are being heard 144 quadrillion and 288 quadrillion times higher than their original frequency. (A quadrillion is 1,000,000,000,000,000.) The radar-like scan around the image allows you to hear waves emitted in different directions. In the visual image of these data, blue and purple both show X-ray data captured by Chandra.

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Shape of electrons is revealed for the first time through big advance in quantum physics

For the first time, researchers have measured the shape of an electron as it moves through a solid. This achievement could open a new way of looking at how electrons behave inside different materials.


Their discovery highlights many effects that could be relevant to everything from quantum information science to electronics manufacturing.

Those findings come from a team led by physicist Riccardo Comin, MIT’s Class of 1947 Career Development Associate Professor of Physics and leader of the work, in collaboration with other institutions.

“We’ve essentially developed a blueprint for obtaining some completely new information that couldn’t be obtained before,” says Comin. His colleague and co-author, Mingu Kang, performed much of this research at MIT before continuing at Cornell University.
New angles on electron shape

Physicists have examined electrons for decades, but the wave-like aspect of these particles brings extra complexity. Electrons can be described not just as small points, but also as “wave functions.”

These wave functions look like shapes or surfaces in higher-dimensional spaces. Sometimes these shapes are relatively simple. Other times, they’re tangled and tricky to measure.

By using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, or ARPES, the team recorded details about how electrons behaved as light hit them.

ARPES helped them pin down a previously elusive property of electrons that holds the key to better understanding their geometry.
Why electron shape matters

In usual settings, we talk about an electron’s energy or velocity. Those are familiar concepts. Geometry, on the other hand, points to the patterns or forms that electron waves can take when arranged in a solid.

Quantum geometry affects how these particles interact, pair up, and even give rise to unusual behaviors. One example is superconductivity, where electrons zip along a material without resistance.

Another is when electrons form orderly patterns, a bit like a collection of synchronized dancers. Observing geometry could help scientists design new materials with novel electronic traits.
The kagome connection

The team measured this geometric effect in a class of materials called kagome metals. Kagome metals are named for a repeating pattern of atoms that resembles a series of interlocking triangles. This lattice structure can influence how electrons navigate and share energy.

Physicists have long found kagome metals interesting because they host special behaviors that aren’t common in many other materials.

Observing the geometry inside them could explain why electrons in these metals sometimes align in peculiar ways that set off advanced superconductivity or other strange effects.
ARPES and quantum shapes

During ARPES experiments, researchers shine a beam of photons on a crystal. The light pushes electrons out of the material, allowing scientists to measure those electrons’ angles and spins.

By gathering that data, they reconstruct how electrons inside the crystal are moving and what shapes they form.

This method is demanding because it requires intricate equipment and specialized facilities. Yet it gives a unique window into what happens on distances smaller than a billionth of an inch.
Applications and potential benefits

A precise measurement of quantum geometry can lead to progress in areas that rely on electron control. Quantum computing, for instance, depends on maintaining stable electronic states while performing computations.

Researchers want materials that can reliably keep these states without unwanted disruptions. If scientists understand and possibly design the geometry of electrons, they might improve superconductors or even develop electronic devices that lose very little energy through heat.

With energy efficiency becoming ever more critical, there’s real value in controlling electron flow on such tiny scales.
Insights from global teamwork

This study was a partnership among institutions spanning different parts of the world. Collaborators brought together theoretical and experimental backgrounds.

Their collective expertise made it possible to design, synthesize, and measure the electronic structure of a kagome metal.

The pandemic forced some members to work remotely, but it also enabled other team members to take on new roles in labs that were partially shut down.

That unexpected shift helped push the work forward and demonstrated how closely linked theory and experiment must be when tackling high-precision measurements.
One electron shape, many possibilities

Quantum geometry is far richer than standard geometry we learn in everyday math. The shape of an electron’s wave function isn’t like a typical circle or a neat sphere. It can take on forms that twist and loop in higher dimensions.

Observing that shape in a real material confirms predictions that theorists have pursued for a long time. It means those theoretical constructs describing wave functions have real, measurable consequences.

And now, there is a proven route to measure them, so future studies might target exotic materials that exhibit other patterns or new behaviors.
What happens next?

Scientists plan to refine techniques like ARPES and adapt them to explore a range of materials. They hope to see how quantum geometry influences conductivity, magnetism, and other conditions that matter for practical applications.

Physicists also see promise in discovering how manipulating geometry might encourage electrons to swap their usual habits for more synchronized, cooperative behavior.

That synchronization is important for technologies that rely on controlling multiple electrons at once, such as quantum sensors or memory elements.

Experts say these findings will likely inspire more ambitious experiments to uncover aspects of quantum geometry we haven’t been able to measure before.

With each new result, materials researchers step closer to engineering designs for the electronic components of tomorrow. The electron might be tiny, but it’s revealing secrets about shaping the future of technology.

The study is published in Nature Physics.

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Research team demonstrated nonlinear compton scattering with a multi-petawatt laser, mimicking astrophysical phenomena and producing ultra-bright gamma ray

Peer-Reviewed Publication

Institute for Basic Science

In a groundbreaking study recently published online in the journal Nature Photonics, a team of researchers has successfully demonstrated nonlinear Compton scattering (NCS) between an ultra-relativistic electron beam and an ultrahigh intensity laser pulse using the 4-Petawatt laser at the Center for Relativistic Laser Science (CoReLS) within the Institute for Basic Science at Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Korea. The innovative approach was the usage of only a laser for electron-photon collisions, in which a multi-PW laser is applied both for particle acceleration and for collision (also called an all-optical setup). This achievement represents a significant milestone in strong field physics, in particular strong field quantum electrodynamics (QED), offering new insights into high-energy electron-photon interactions without the need for a traditional mile-long particle accelerator.

Nonlinear Compton scattering requires an electron to absorb multiple laser photons while emitting a single high-energy gamma-ray photon. To observe this phenomenon, researchers approached the "Schwinger limit"—a theoretical laser intensity (2x1029 W/cm2) so strong that it "boils" the vacuum of space-time, for generating matter-antimatter pairs. Since the current record for the highest laser intensity in the world, demonstrated by CoReLS, is still a million times below this threshold, the team employed a workaround: an ultra-relativistic electron beam collided with an ultrahigh intensity laser pulse, exploiting Einstein's theory of relativity. In the electron’s reference frame, the laser intensity appeared to be about 50% of the Schwinger limit, triggering nonlinear QED phenomena.

The scientists conducted a series of experiments using the CoReLS PW laser. The laser beam was split into two beams, each serving distinct roles. The first beam was focused onto a 5-cm-long gas-filled cell, where it triggered "laser wakefield acceleration" (LWFA) of electrons. In this mechanism of acceleration, electrons “surf” a laser-generated plasma wave, gaining an energy up to 3 GeV—99.999999% of the speed of light. The second beam was a flash of light focused to a 2-micron diameter (a few % of a hair diameter), lasting only 20 femtoseconds (a femtosecond represents a billionth of a millionth of a second). This beam was directed to collide with the accelerated electrons coming out of the plasma in the gas cell, as presented in Fig. 1.

Achieving the precise overlap required for the collision, within a few microns and 10 femtoseconds, allowed the laser pulse to "shake" the electrons, which bounced up to 400 laser photons, absorbing them simultaneously. The absorbed energy was then emitted as a single high-energy gamma-ray photon with energy in the range of tens to hundreds of megaelectronvolts.

Researchers carefully characterized the gamma-ray energy, aided by Monte-Carlo simulations, to ensure that other x-ray and gamma-ray backgrounds did not interfere with the measurements. They verified the gamma-ray signatures against theoretical predictions and compared the experimental results with analytical models and particle-in-cell simulations performed using supercomputers. The agreement between the experiment and simulation confirmed the occurrence of nonlinear Compton scattering and allowed the team to deduce the colliding laser intensity by extracting its "fingerprint" from the gamma-ray signals.

Due to the large number of collisions, the resulting gamma-ray beam produced in experiments was 1,000 times brighter than anything previously achieved in laboratories at this energy scale. This breakthrough has potential applications in studying nuclear processes and understanding antimatter production, such as the Breit-Wheeler process for exploring photon-photon collisions to produce electron-positron pairs. The photos in Fig. 2 show the 4-PW laser and the control room at CoReLS during the Compton scattering experiment.

This research, published in Nature Photonics, is part of a broader effort to understand quantum electrodynamics (QED) in strong background fields, also known as Strong-Field Quantum Electrodynamics. The research can mimic laboratory phenomena typically found in astrophysical objects like magnetars, supernovae, and the regions in the vicinity of black holes. The first study using a laser-electron beam collision was performed at SLAC in 1996, but using a kilometer-long accelerator and a much less intense laser. Similar experiments are planned also at accelerator facilities such as the DESY (LUXE project, Germany), SLAC (FACET II, USA), and upcoming multi-petawatt laser facilities like Apollon (France), Station for Extreme Light (China), ELI-NP (Romania), ELI-Beamlines (Czech Republic), or Omega EP OPAL (U. Rochester) and ZEUS (U. Michigan, USA).

Journal

Nature Photonics

DOI

10.1038/s41566-024-01550-8

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

All-optical nonlinear Compton scattering performed with a multi-petawatt laser

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Positronium gas is laser-cooled to one degree above absolute zero




Matter and antimatter Artist’s impression of positronium being instantaneously cooled in a vacuum by a series of laser pulses with rapidly varying wavelengths. (Courtesy: 2024 Yoshioka et al./CC-BY-ND)

Researchers at the University of Tokyo have published a paper in the journal Nature that describes a new laser technique that is capable of cooling a gas of positronium atoms to temperatures as low as 1 K. Written by Kosuke Yoshioka and colleagues at the University of Tokyo, the paper follows on from a publication earlier this year from the AEgIS team at CERN, who described how a different laser technique was used to cool positronium to 170 K.

Positronium comprises a single electron bound to its antimatter counterpart, the positron. Although electrons and positrons will ultimately annihilate each other, they can briefly bind together to form an exotic atom. Electrons and positrons are fundamental particles that are nearly point like, so positronium provides a very simple atomic system for experimental study. Indeed, this simplicity means that precision studies of positronium could reveal new physics beyond the Standard Model.
Quantum electrodynamics

One area of interest is the precise measurement of the energy required to excite positronium from its ground state to its first excited state. Such measurements could enable more rigorous experimental tests of quantum electrodynamics (QED). While QED has been confirmed to extraordinary precision, any tiny deviations could reveal new physics.

An important barrier to making precision measurements is the inherent motion of positronium atoms. “This large randomness of motion in positronium is caused by its short lifetime of 142 ns, combined with its small mass − 1000 times lighter than a hydrogen atom,” Yoshioka explains. “This makes precise studies challenging.”

In 1988, two researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the US published a theoretical exploration of how the challenge could be overcome by using laser cooling to slow positronium atoms to very low speeds. Laser cooling is routinely used to cool conventional atoms and involves having the atoms absorb photons and then re-emitting the photons in random directions.
Chirped pulse train

Building on this early work, Yoshioka’s team has developed new laser system that is ideal for cooling positronium. Yoshioka explains that in the Tokyo setup, “the laser emits a chirped pulse train, with the frequency increasing at 500 GHz/μs, and lasting 100 ns. Unlike previous demonstrations, our approach is optimized to cool positronium to ultralow velocities.”

In a chirped pulse, the frequency of the laser light increases over the duration of the pulse. It allows the cooling system to respond to the slowing of the atoms by keeping the photon absorption on resonance.

Using this technique, Yoshioka’s team successfully cooled positronium atoms to temperatures around 1 K, all within just 100 ns. “This temperature is significantly lower than previously achieved, and simulations suggested that an even lower temperature in the 10 mK regime could be realized via a coherent mechanism,” Yoshioka says. Although the team’s current approach is still some distance from achieving this “recoil limit” temperature, the success of their initial demonstration has given them confidence that further improvements could bring them closer to this goal.

“This breakthrough could potentially lead to stringent tests of particle physics theories and investigations into matter-antimatter asymmetry,” Yoshioka predicts. “That might allow us to uncover major mysteries in physics, such as the reason why antimatter is almost absent in our universe.”

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Innovative Spectroscopy Solutions Aiding Battery Research and Development







In EV battery production, product adoption and business expansion depend on meeting consumer needs, most importantly safety. This is followed by performance (including energy density), longevity, robustness, and faster charging, all while delivering lower production costs. Meeting these core needs relies heavily on effective analytical testing to understand and characterize battery formulations. Spectroscopic techniques are among the most important suites of techniques used to characterize raw battery materials, intermediates, byproducts, and end products, and can help deliver safer batteries with improved performance.
The role of spectroscopic techniques in battery innovation

While atomic spectroscopy techniques like ICP-OES and ICP-MS are more commonly used, they are destructive and require the dissolution of the sample. In contrast, molecular spectroscopy techniques like UV-Vis, FTIR, and Raman provide valuable information, and have the added benefit of being nondestructive and requiring limited sample preparation. Both atomic and molecular spectroscopic techniques are needed to deliver high-performing and safe batteries.

Manufacturers of batteries follow strict quality control procedures during R&D and routine production. In leading-edge laboratories, initial steps involve re-qualifying and, if needed, re-purifying incoming raw materials before they can be used for downstream processes as this reduces troubleshooting later. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to analyze materials in these main components of lithium-ion batteries as well as manufactured components, including electrolyte and separator materials. Additionally, FTIR can be utilized to understand transient lithium species, impurities, and changes in chemical bonds during battery degradation.

In recent years, Attenuated Total Reflectance FTIR (ATR-FTIR) has been developed for accurate analysis of various sample states (solids, liquids, semisolids, pastes) without extensive sample preparation. The FTIR system can be placed in a moisture-controlled environment (e.g., glovebox) to allow for the analysis of hazardous or moisture-sensitive samples. This technique is suitable for material identification of salts, organic solvents, binder and separator materials, and electrodes, providing valuable information for battery developers.

Raman spectroscopy is another molecular technique useful for screening, as it can analyze solid, liquid, and gaseous materials without sample preparation. New technologies like Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) improve traditional Raman by allowing material identification through opaque barriers, enabling high-throughput analysis without removing raw materials from storage containers.


Electrolyte solutions are one of the many components of a battery and are essential to its performance. To evaluate the effect that a specific electrolyte solution has on performance, it is applied in a cell and analyzed at routine intervals during charge-discharge cycles to determine colorimetric and compositional changes over time. This provides information about the degradation rate and associated byproducts and can support the development of better formulations. UV-Vis spectroscopy is a key technique for analyzing the color of these near-clear solutions, requiring a highly accurate and sensitive spectrophotometer. When paired with a flow cell pump, this method is ideal for production quality control of hazardous samples, enabling safe handling and efficient high-throughput analysis.

The identification of both intentionally and unintentionally added trace elements, their abundance and ratio to one another is important to characterize in raw materials, intermediates, and battery components, as they directly correlate with battery performance, safety, and stability. ICP-OES is an atomic spectroscopy technique commonly employed to analyze these elemental compositions due to its high sensitivity and ability to handle complex matrices. For battery innovators, automated semi-quantitative analyses performed alongside targeted measurements can be especially useful in providing information about unknowns in the sample and aid method development. Such capabilities can be further enhanced by visual aids such as elemental heat-maps, providing quick guidance on potential issues and additional datapoints to support process improvements.

ICP-OES instrumentation used for raw material and battery characterizations have tight specifications for matrix tolerance and interference-handing capability, requiring ‘real world’ demonstrations to prove-out their accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, and long-term stability in complex matrices. High salt, organic components, and F components may generate ionization and spectral interferences which can adversely impact analytical accuracy. Ionization interferences can be overcome via matrix matching, the use of internal standards and radial viewing on dual-view systems. In contrast, spectral interferences from high-transition elements, carbon and silicon have a pronounced effect on the accuracy of trace elements and may be overcome by software innovations. For example, Fitted Background Correction (FBC) can automate background corrections, and Fast Automated Curve-fitting Technique (FACT) can spectrally deconvolute the spectra via mathematical algorithms, which is particularly useful for organic samples prone to carbon-based interferences.
Addressing downtime

While accuracy is paramount, it is also important for process laboratories to reduce unplanned downtime. There are several efficiencies which can be gained in ICP-OES techniques to reduce unplanned downtime. For example, fully integrated intelligent dilution solutions can reduce the need for manual dilutions of overly concentrated samples. This approach can both reduce human error, improve efficiency without compromising analytical accuracy and precision, all the while reducing the number of man-hours and single-use consumables.

Nebulizer clogs and sample component damage from high-lithium content matrices can also contribute to unplanned downtime. Instrument and software innovations can alert users to potential blockages, aid early intervention, and prevent sample losses and component damage. For longer-term solutions, fully integrated switching valve solutions can shorten residence times of samples in the nebulizer and plasma, providing accurate measurements over long periods whilst delivering a host of cost and performance benefits.


The future of battery R&D and production centers on delivering on consumer needs. Selecting the right analytical partner who understands these needs and how to deliver them is critical to advancing battery science, as well as supporting the development of safe, high-performing, and responsibly-produced battery technologies.

About the Author
Eve Kroukamp, PhD


Eve Kroukamp, PhD, is the Americas Emerging Applied Markets Segment Manager at Agilent.

Yu-Hong Chen, PhD


Yu-Hong Chen, PhD, is the global materials market director at Agilent.

Christine Rivera


Christine Rivera is an advanced materials application specialist at Agilent.

Wesam Alwan, PhD


Wesam Alwan, PhD, is an application development engineer/scientist at Agilent.

Ross Ashdown


Ross Ashdown is the optical atomic spectroscopy marketing manager, Spectroscopy Solutions Division.

Frederic Prulliere, PhD


Frederic Prulliere, PhD, is the pharma molecular spectroscopy products manager at Agilent.

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Raman Spectroscopy Undergoes a Major Speed Upgrade

Researchers at the University of Tokyo have increased the measurement rate of Raman spectroscopy by 100-fold. Since the measurement rate of the technique has been a major limitation, the improvement is expected to aid advancements in multiple fields relying on the identification of molecules and cellcells, such as biomedical diagnostics and material analytics.

As a mode of identification for cells and molecules, Raman spectroscopy is widely used, but it’s limited in its ability to keep up with the speed of changes in certain chemical and physical reactions due to the low scattering cross section.

Over the last decade, various broadband-coherent Raman scattering spectroscopy techniques have been developed to address the limitation, achieving a measurement of 500 kSpectra/s (kilospectra per second).

A Raman spectroscopy technique developed at the University of Tokyo combines coherent Raman spectroscopy, an ultrashort pulse laser, and time-stretch technology to achieve a 100-fold increase in measurement rate compared to previous methods. Courtesy of the University of Tokyo.
In order to further improve the measurement rate, the team built a system from scratch, leveraging a mode-locked ytterbium laser system developed by Takuro Ideguchi and his team at the Institute for Photon Science and Technology at the University of Tokyo.
In building the system, the team combined coherent Raman spectroscopy — a version of Raman spectroscopy that produces stronger signals than the conventional, spontaneous Raman spectroscopy— with their previously developed specifically designed ultrashort pulse laser and time-stretch technology using optical fibers.

The developed system provides a 50 MSpectra/s (megaspectra per second) measurement rate, a 100-fold increase compared to the previous fastest rate of 500 kSpectra/s. The system enables highly efficient Raman scattering with an ultrashort femtosecond pulse and sensitive time-stretch detection with picosecond probe pulse at a high repetition of the laser.

As a proof-of-concept, the team measured broadband coherent Stokes Raman scattering spectra of organic compounds covering the molecular fingerprint region from 200 to 1200 cm-1.

“We aim to apply our spectrometer to microscopy, enabling the capture of 2D or 3D images with Raman scattering spectra,” Ideguchi said. “Additionally, we envision its use in flow cytometry by combining this technology with microfluidics. These systems will enable high-throughput, label-free chemical imaging and spectroscopy of biomolecules in cells or tissues.”

According to the researchers, the high-speed broadband vibrational spectroscopy technique holds promise for unprecedented measurements of sub-microsecond dynamics of irreversible phenomena and extremely high throughput measurements.

Source: William A. Haseltine

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