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Saturday, 15 March 2025
Black holes: Not endings, but beginnings? Theoretical study delves into 'white holes'
Our understanding of black holes, time and the mysterious dark energy that dominates the universe could be revolutionized, as new University of Sheffield research helps unravel the mysteries of the cosmos.
Black holes—areas of space where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape—have long been objects of fascination, with astrophysicists, theoretical physicists and others dedicating their lives to revealing their secrets. This fascination with the unknown has inspired numerous writers and filmmakers, with novels and films such as "Interstellar" exploring these enigmatic objects' hold on our collective imagination.
According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, anyone trapped inside a black hole would fall toward its center and be destroyed by immense gravitational forces. This center, known as a singularity, is the point where the matter of a giant star, which is believed to have collapsed to form the black hole, is crushed down into an infinitesimally tiny point. At this singularity, our understanding of physics and time breaks down.
Using the laws of quantum mechanics, a fundamental theory describing the nature of the universe at the level of atoms and even smaller particles, the new study proposes a radically different theoretical standpoint where, rather than a singularity signifying the end, it could represent a new beginning.
The new paper, titled "Black Hole Singularity Resolution in Unimodular Gravity from Unitarity," published today in Physical Review Letters, aims to illustrate the point where our current grasp of physics and time falters.
While black holes are often described as sucking everything, including time, into a point of nothingness, in the paper, white holes are theorized to act in reverse, ejecting matter, energy and time back into the universe.
The study uses a simplified, theoretical model of a black hole, known as a planar black hole. Unlike typical black holes, which have a spherical shape, a planar black hole's boundary is a flat, two-dimensional surface. The researchers' ongoing work suggests that the same mechanism could also apply to a typical black hole.
"It has long been a question as to whether quantum mechanics can change our understanding of black holes and give us insights into their true nature," said Dr. Steffen Gielen, from the University of Sheffield's School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, who co-wrote the paper with Lucía Menéndez-Pidal from Complutense University of Madrid.
"In quantum mechanics, time as we understand it cannot end as systems perpetually change and evolve."
The scientists' findings demonstrate how, using the laws of quantum mechanics, the black hole singularity is replaced by a region of large quantum fluctuations—tiny, temporary changes in the energy of space—where space and time do not end. Instead, space and time transition into a new phase called a white hole—a theoretical region of space thought to function in the opposite way to a black hole. As such, a white hole could be where time begins.
"While time is, in general, thought to be relative to the observer, in our research time is derived from the mysterious dark energy which permeates the entire universe," Dr. Gielen continued.
"We propose that time is measured by the dark energy that is everywhere in the universe, and responsible for its current expansion. This is the pivotal new idea that allows us to grasp the phenomena occurring within a black hole."
Dark energy is a mysterious, theoretical force that scientists believe drives the accelerating expansion of the universe. The new study uses dark energy almost as a point of reference, with energy and time as complementary ideas that can be measured against one another.
Tantalizingly, the theory that what we perceive as a singularity is actually a beginning suggests the existence of something even more enigmatic on the other side of a white hole.
"Hypothetically you could have an observer—a hypothetical entity—go through the black hole, through what we think of as a singularity and emerge on the other side of the white hole. It's a highly abstract notion of an observer but it could happen, in theory," Dr. Gielen added.
Beyond such theoretical musings, the suggestion of a profound connection between the nature of time at the most fundamental level and the mysterious dark energy that governs the cosmos will be explored further in the months and years ahead.
The new research also suggests novel approaches to reconciling gravity and quantum mechanics, potentially paving the way for new fundamental theories and breakthroughs in our understanding of the universe.
Provided by University of Sheffield
Our understanding of black holes, time and the mysterious dark energy that dominates the universe could be revolutionized, as new University of Sheffield research helps unravel the mysteries of the cosmos.
Black holes—areas of space where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape—have long been objects of fascination, with astrophysicists, theoretical physicists and others dedicating their lives to revealing their secrets. This fascination with the unknown has inspired numerous writers and filmmakers, with novels and films such as "Interstellar" exploring these enigmatic objects' hold on our collective imagination.
According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, anyone trapped inside a black hole would fall toward its center and be destroyed by immense gravitational forces. This center, known as a singularity, is the point where the matter of a giant star, which is believed to have collapsed to form the black hole, is crushed down into an infinitesimally tiny point. At this singularity, our understanding of physics and time breaks down.
Using the laws of quantum mechanics, a fundamental theory describing the nature of the universe at the level of atoms and even smaller particles, the new study proposes a radically different theoretical standpoint where, rather than a singularity signifying the end, it could represent a new beginning.
The new paper, titled "Black Hole Singularity Resolution in Unimodular Gravity from Unitarity," published today in Physical Review Letters, aims to illustrate the point where our current grasp of physics and time falters.
While black holes are often described as sucking everything, including time, into a point of nothingness, in the paper, white holes are theorized to act in reverse, ejecting matter, energy and time back into the universe.
The study uses a simplified, theoretical model of a black hole, known as a planar black hole. Unlike typical black holes, which have a spherical shape, a planar black hole's boundary is a flat, two-dimensional surface. The researchers' ongoing work suggests that the same mechanism could also apply to a typical black hole.
"It has long been a question as to whether quantum mechanics can change our understanding of black holes and give us insights into their true nature," said Dr. Steffen Gielen, from the University of Sheffield's School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, who co-wrote the paper with Lucía Menéndez-Pidal from Complutense University of Madrid.
"In quantum mechanics, time as we understand it cannot end as systems perpetually change and evolve."
The scientists' findings demonstrate how, using the laws of quantum mechanics, the black hole singularity is replaced by a region of large quantum fluctuations—tiny, temporary changes in the energy of space—where space and time do not end. Instead, space and time transition into a new phase called a white hole—a theoretical region of space thought to function in the opposite way to a black hole. As such, a white hole could be where time begins.
"While time is, in general, thought to be relative to the observer, in our research time is derived from the mysterious dark energy which permeates the entire universe," Dr. Gielen continued.
"We propose that time is measured by the dark energy that is everywhere in the universe, and responsible for its current expansion. This is the pivotal new idea that allows us to grasp the phenomena occurring within a black hole."
Dark energy is a mysterious, theoretical force that scientists believe drives the accelerating expansion of the universe. The new study uses dark energy almost as a point of reference, with energy and time as complementary ideas that can be measured against one another.
Tantalizingly, the theory that what we perceive as a singularity is actually a beginning suggests the existence of something even more enigmatic on the other side of a white hole.
"Hypothetically you could have an observer—a hypothetical entity—go through the black hole, through what we think of as a singularity and emerge on the other side of the white hole. It's a highly abstract notion of an observer but it could happen, in theory," Dr. Gielen added.
Beyond such theoretical musings, the suggestion of a profound connection between the nature of time at the most fundamental level and the mysterious dark energy that governs the cosmos will be explored further in the months and years ahead.
The new research also suggests novel approaches to reconciling gravity and quantum mechanics, potentially paving the way for new fundamental theories and breakthroughs in our understanding of the universe.
Provided by University of Sheffield
#AmoPhysics, #NuclearPhysics,#AtomicNuclei, #NuclearReactions, #Radioactivity, #NuclearFission, #NuclearFusion, #NuclearEnergy, #NuclearPower, #FusionResearch, #FissionReactors, #RadioactiveDecay, #NuclearMedicine, #NuclearAstrophysics, #ParticleAcceleration, #NuclearSafety, #NuclearEngineering, #NuclearWeapons, #RadiationProtection, #NuclearPolicy, #NuclearWasteManagement.
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Wednesday, 12 March 2025
Evidence for Stephen Hawking's unproven black hole theory may have just been found — at the bottom of the sea
Evidence for Stephen Hawking's unproven black hole theory may have just been found — at the bottom of the sea
By Paul Sutter
The recent discovery of a stupendously powerful neutrino has left scientists scratching their heads. New research suggests it could be evidence that Stephen Hawking was right about the nature of black holes and the early universe.
Five decades ago, famed astrophysicist Stephen Hawking theorized that the Big Bang may have flooded the universe with tiny black holes. Now, researchers believe they may have seen one explode.
In Feb. 2025, the European collaboration KM3NeT — which consists of underwater detectors off the coasts of France, Italy and Greece — announced the discovery of a stupendously powerful neutrino. This ghostly particle had an energy of around 100 PeV — over 25 times more energetic than the particles accelerated in the Large Hadron Collider, the world's most powerful atom smasher.
Physicists have struggled to come up with an explanation for such an energetic neutrino. But now, a team of researchers who were not involved in the original detection have proposed a surprising hypothesis: The neutrino is the signature of an evaporating black hole. The team described their proposal in a paper that was uploaded to the arXiv database and has not been peer-reviewed yet.
Hawking's elephant-size black holes
In the 1970s, Hawking realized that black holes aren't entirely black. Instead, through complex interactions between the black hole event horizon and the quantum fields of space-time, they can emit a slow-but-steady stream of radiation, now known as Hawking radiation. This means black holes evaporate and eventually disappear. In fact, as the black hole gets smaller, it emits even more radiation, until it essentially explodes in a firestorm of high-energy particles and radiation — like the neutrino spotted by the KM3Net collaboration.
Related: Stephen Hawking's black hole radiation paradox could finally be solved — if black holes aren't what they seem
But all known black holes are very large — at least a few times the mass of the sun, and often significantly larger. It will take well over 10^100 years for even the smallest known black holes to die. If the KM3NeT neutrino is due to an exploding black hole, it has to be much smaller — somewhere around 22,000 pounds (10,000 kilograms). That's about as heavy as two fully grown African elephants, compressed into a black hole smaller than an atom.
The only known potential way to produce such tiny black holes is in the chaotic events of the early Big Bang, which may have flooded the cosmos with "primordial" black holes. The smallest primordial black holes produced in the Big Bang would have exploded long ago, while larger ones might persist to the present day.
Unfortunately, a 22,000-pound black hole should not survive all the way from the Big Bang to the present day. But the authors pointed out that there might be an additional quantum mechanism — known as "memory burden" — that allows black holes to resist decay. This would allow a 22,000-pound black hole to survive for billions of years before it finally exploded, sending a high-energy neutrino toward Earth in the process.
Primordial black holes might be an explanation for dark matter — the invisible substance that accounts for most of the matter in the universe — but so far, searches for them have turned up empty. This new insight may provide an intriguing clue. The researchers found that if primordial black holes of this mass range are abundant enough to account for all the dark matter, they should be exploding somewhat regularly. They estimated that if this hypothesis is correct, the KM3NeT collaboration should see another showstopping neutrino in the next few years.
If that detection happens, then we may just have to radically rethink the way we approach dark matter, high-energy neutrinos and even the physics of the early universe.
By Paul Sutter
The recent discovery of a stupendously powerful neutrino has left scientists scratching their heads. New research suggests it could be evidence that Stephen Hawking was right about the nature of black holes and the early universe.
Five decades ago, famed astrophysicist Stephen Hawking theorized that the Big Bang may have flooded the universe with tiny black holes. Now, researchers believe they may have seen one explode.
In Feb. 2025, the European collaboration KM3NeT — which consists of underwater detectors off the coasts of France, Italy and Greece — announced the discovery of a stupendously powerful neutrino. This ghostly particle had an energy of around 100 PeV — over 25 times more energetic than the particles accelerated in the Large Hadron Collider, the world's most powerful atom smasher.
Physicists have struggled to come up with an explanation for such an energetic neutrino. But now, a team of researchers who were not involved in the original detection have proposed a surprising hypothesis: The neutrino is the signature of an evaporating black hole. The team described their proposal in a paper that was uploaded to the arXiv database and has not been peer-reviewed yet.
Hawking's elephant-size black holes
In the 1970s, Hawking realized that black holes aren't entirely black. Instead, through complex interactions between the black hole event horizon and the quantum fields of space-time, they can emit a slow-but-steady stream of radiation, now known as Hawking radiation. This means black holes evaporate and eventually disappear. In fact, as the black hole gets smaller, it emits even more radiation, until it essentially explodes in a firestorm of high-energy particles and radiation — like the neutrino spotted by the KM3Net collaboration.
Related: Stephen Hawking's black hole radiation paradox could finally be solved — if black holes aren't what they seem
But all known black holes are very large — at least a few times the mass of the sun, and often significantly larger. It will take well over 10^100 years for even the smallest known black holes to die. If the KM3NeT neutrino is due to an exploding black hole, it has to be much smaller — somewhere around 22,000 pounds (10,000 kilograms). That's about as heavy as two fully grown African elephants, compressed into a black hole smaller than an atom.
The only known potential way to produce such tiny black holes is in the chaotic events of the early Big Bang, which may have flooded the cosmos with "primordial" black holes. The smallest primordial black holes produced in the Big Bang would have exploded long ago, while larger ones might persist to the present day.
Unfortunately, a 22,000-pound black hole should not survive all the way from the Big Bang to the present day. But the authors pointed out that there might be an additional quantum mechanism — known as "memory burden" — that allows black holes to resist decay. This would allow a 22,000-pound black hole to survive for billions of years before it finally exploded, sending a high-energy neutrino toward Earth in the process.
Primordial black holes might be an explanation for dark matter — the invisible substance that accounts for most of the matter in the universe — but so far, searches for them have turned up empty. This new insight may provide an intriguing clue. The researchers found that if primordial black holes of this mass range are abundant enough to account for all the dark matter, they should be exploding somewhat regularly. They estimated that if this hypothesis is correct, the KM3NeT collaboration should see another showstopping neutrino in the next few years.
If that detection happens, then we may just have to radically rethink the way we approach dark matter, high-energy neutrinos and even the physics of the early universe.
#AmoPhysics, #NuclearPhysics,#AtomicNuclei, #NuclearReactions, #Radioactivity, #NuclearFission, #NuclearFusion, #NuclearEnergy, #NuclearPower, #FusionResearch, #FissionReactors, #RadioactiveDecay, #NuclearMedicine, #NuclearAstrophysics, #ParticleAcceleration, #NuclearSafety, #NuclearEngineering, #NuclearWeapons, #RadiationProtection, #NuclearPolicy, #NuclearWasteManagement.
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Monday, 10 March 2025
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Congratulations to
Prof. Dr. MarcelianoOliveira
on Receiving the Best Researcher Award!
We extend our heartfelt congratulations to Prof. Dr. Marceliano
Oliveira from UEA Amazon State University
, Brazil, on being honored with the prestigious Best Researcher Award. This esteemed recognition is a testament to his outstanding contributions.
With an impressive record of highly cited research, groundbreaking innovations, and impactful publications, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marceliano
Oliveira has significantly advanced the fields of Atomic Physics
, Statistics. His dedication to academic excellence and scientific progress continues to inspire researchers worldwide.
We celebrate his remarkable achievements and wish him continued success in his future endeavors!
Congratulations once again on this well-deserved honor! 🎉👏
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New full Sun views show sunspots, fields and restless plasma Zoom into Solar Orbiter's four new Sun images, assembled from high-resoluti...
